A unique feature of the universe is that everything is exchanged only in discrete packages. No loose sample is allowed. Also, all transactions are carried out in a move-stop-and-move-again style of action. ‘Givers’ move in jerks, ‘takers’ follow suit. It may seem rather odd but presumably it has been this way always.
Why everything behaves in ‘fits and starts’ and not in a smooth and continuous way has remained a mystery ever after the inception of quantum theory according to which no giver supplies anything in a steady stream. In the world of energy transactions, nothing flows evenly. It is all in packets. Discrete and finite are the packets. So much reluctance from a simple candle to give a little light.
Acceptance of what is given also runs into trouble unless the packaging is right. The wrong package is not taken. This mode of dealing is the only one that exists, so packaging has come to be accepted as an ‘inevitable ritual’. As this business of packing and unpacking is inexplicable and therefore apparently pointless, it has remained a thorn in the throat of physics.
To fathom the mystery, we have to observe more closely the ‘difficulties’ the ‘givers’ and the ‘takers’ face. First of all, who in fact are the givers? The ‘rich’, naturally; only those who have in excess can and are made to give. But this giver-status is comparative. A non-rich source who is in no position to give anything may suddenly find itself qualified and called upon to subscribe. That happens if and when the ‘world’ around gets depleted due to whatsoever reason and the non-rich happens to be holding in excess by ‘comparison’.
In a universe of various kinds of pulses of S and S itself pervading everything, pulses alone can be the givers. No transplanting or shipment of any ‘portion’ of toughness-difference from one part of S to another is possible unless it is discretely packed in the form of a pulse. Any other mode will involve intervention by an ‘external’ agency. There is none at hand.
What is being ‘given’? What does the pulse have in excess? Well, what does any pulse have at all? Pulses are composed of quanta of differences in toughness of S. A portion of this is the only thing it can spare.
But any pulse is a restless thing. Whatever it does is achieved while its pulsing goes on relentlessly. Donation or riddance of a bit of extra toughness by it or, to put it differently, the extraction of some toughness from it can happen only during appropriate ‘breathing spaces’ in this act. Exchanges are strictly constrained by the ‘pre-occupation’ of the giver. The outcome looks something like this: Give out a little now, a little more during the same opportunity that the next round of pulsing provides and so on. A ‘steady’ outflow or any once-for-all dumping is naturally ruled out.
Of course, if a pulse comes to a ‘sorry end’, all it has is given up at one stroke. This is when it ‘splits’ or gets ‘dismantled’. Even when the whole ‘wealth’ of a pulse is thus squandered at one go, this ‘wealth’ does not get lost in smithereens. Every bit of it is taken care of and packaged by the S around, fitting into resonance slots of host S, as is where is. The contents of these packets together will equal the content of the ‘demised’ pulse.
This means if by any chance the giver falls short of ‘fulfilling’ the packaging responsibility, the taker is ready to ‘backup’. The taker is no other than S. S is in no ‘mood’ to ‘swallow’ all-and-sundry ‘amounts’ of changes to its toughness inflicted on it as-is-where-is. The dictum enforced by its vigour is: Only so much of a certain thing at a time. Of course the acceptable ‘dose’ varies with the ‘kind’ of input. How much of what kind at each instance is decided by the readiness of S to react, its vigour.
As far
as packaging goes, assurance is thus doubly assured. Whether the amount of
‘wealth’ dumped is as huge as a pre-big-bang monstrosity or as little as what a
neutrino has, the assurance holds. But for this ‘obsession’ with discrete
packaging, we would not have inherited the thoroughly ‘apportioned’ universe
that we have.Imagine an ‘injection’ of extra toughness into tough S. The attempt is naturally ‘resisted’. If the giver insists ‘vehemently’ enough, yes, the injection is tolerated but the dose injected is ‘quarantined’ within a shell of extra toughness in S developing in reaction to the spread of the dose injected and ‘swept up’ by the very same spread.
Observation of the drama of a package-transaction of this kind in detail (Fig. 10-14) is certain to yield dividends. It takes place in tough S. Whatever the T-and-D of the emission that takes place, every bit emitted adds to the toughness of S around the emitter. If D is small and/or T not very high, the injected dose meets with less ‘resistance’. Larger the D and higher the T of injection, S reacts in a matching fashion. The way S deals with the dose of injection into it depends solely upon the vigour of S.
As the emitter is a point on a pulse and that pulse is busy with its act of pulsing, the emitter cannot emit continuously. This holds whether the pulse emitting happens to be in good, bad or
indifferent
resonance with the surrounding S. Even otherwise, as the injected quantum keeps
growing, the thickening shell of S around it builds up with it and, at some
stage, ‘matures’ to match emitter pressure. In effect, any emission always
amounts to an adjustment-game between the giver and the taker.What if emitter pressure is checkmated and the injection stops? S now has a quantum of dynamic extra-toughness to contend with. If that quantum is sufficient to form a pulse in resonance with S, well and good, the quantum assumes that role. (Fig 11).
From the moment the emitter opens up to the instant when emitter pressure is checkmated, the extra toughness injected into S celebrates its expansion cycle. The injection is a dynamic event. As soon as the emission stops, the ‘dose’ injected goes into reverse cycle, forced by the reaction of S. The emitter cannot open up when this cycle piles up toughness at the centre of pulsing, namely, the point of emission itself, and seals it.
However, when the pulse enters its very next expansion cycle the shell of resistance around it developing in S ‘pushes away’ the developing outer shell of the emission. The newborn pulse is thus ‘released’ from the mother to mind its own business and live in S as long and as happily as its resonance capability allows it.
Pulses seem to be ‘conscious’ of their health and wellbeing in more ways than one. In fact they spare a portion of what they ‘have’ with a view of ‘gaining’ better chances of survival under the ‘special’ circumstances and not out of any ‘benevolence’. Better equilibrium, harmony and longer life are the benefits they get by doing this. A pulse can get rid of as little as it pleases. There is no lower limit to the amount they may deliver. It is up to S, the taker, to do whatever it ‘pleases’ with it. The package delivered is free to fall into whichever slot it fits into in S. There are several ‘harmonics’ to every slot too.
If the quantum delivered is tough and large enough, it succeeds in building its own fort and
becomes an
independent pulse. For this to happen, it should be capable of fitting itself
into an appropriate slot in S to resonate. This is the cardinal pre-condition
for its survival as an independent pulse. (Fig. 12, Fig. 13) 
The
fate of the unfortunate small quantum of ‘lean’ content ejected is a different
story. To trace it in some detail, one will have to go back to the process of
emission described earlier. The emitter now releases a very small quantum of
lean content. The emission invites increasing resistance to it from S and that
‘prematurely’ checkmates emitter pressure. Also, the emitter, on its own, may
close shop too soon. In either case the quantum remains too small and the nature
of its ‘content’ too lean to develop into an independent pulse in S.All the same, ‘action’ having been initiated by the emitter, an equal but opposite ‘reaction’ to that has developed in S. This pattern of action-reaction becomes a ‘half-formed’ pulse. It has no outer shell as the pulse has not been able to complete its expansion cycle. Its core too is ‘half-formed’ as its reverse cycle does not get completed. Moreover, this ‘premature’ core happens to be almost at the mouth of the emitter when the emitter reopens next time with another round of emission. The thrust of this emission ‘ejects’ the first-born from the emitter. The
‘ejection’ does two things to the ‘unwanted’ child. 1) It
is sent away from the emitter. 2) It is given a ‘parting kick’ strong enough to
confer on it a consolation prize – a mode of rectification pulsing. (Fig.
14)This saves the ‘premature’ offspring from infantile mortality. ‘Kick-started’, rectification pulsing gives it a fresh lease of life, its only life.
As the emitter goes on, a continuous stream of such ‘half-formed’ or ‘also-ran’ pulse-lets is generated.
The ‘also-ran’ pulse-let does not develop an outer shell worth the name so it is unable to create a ‘ripple’ of much consequence around it. Also, it does not develop a well-formed core because what could have become at least an apology for a core has been mercilessly ‘deformed’ right at birth by the ‘kick’. It is fated to keep on doing its best to ‘rectify’ the ‘damage’ of that kick. But every effort at it only shifts it by a distance equal to its ‘size’. The handicap stays on even after it makes a trillion trials. Yet, it never gives up till its ‘last breath’.
Thus an electromagnetic wave is just a string of ‘premature’ pulse-lets ever trying to pulse on their own but never quite making it. Such a pulse-let has no full-formed ‘body’ at any stage of its pulsing. Therefore no direct force can be applied on it. It has been given a mighty ‘kick’ at the very start so that its only pulsing mode is ‘rectification’. So, this sort of a pulse-let does not develop a regular ripple worth anything around it in S. It does not ‘wait’ at any point long enough to ‘collect’ feed-back from the ripple of whatever import ensuing from its rectification pulsing. Therefore, one cannot easily ‘control’ it by applying a ‘field’ either. Blocking it is the only decisive thing one can do with it. If stopped, it ceases to be what it has been after ‘releasing’ the quantum that originally went into its making.
Thus a new variety now joins the list of pulses already made. This pulse-let too exhibits ‘particle’ properties during very brief moments in the course of its pulsing act. It makes a show of this in ways much less remarkable than its ‘luckier’ cousins do, but it carries out the ritual as best as it can.
To complete the picture of this kind of a pulse-let, we may look at it also from the point of view of S. S is made to ‘suffer’ a disturbance to its composure when the emission is injected into it. S tries to ‘catch’ and contain it but it ‘slips’ out every time it is almost ‘caught’. Nevertheless, S refuses to ‘admit defeat’ even after a trillion trials. The vigour of the effort by S to ‘catch’ it is the same as that with which it ‘flaps its wings’ to ‘speed’ away. Any frequency is possible because resonance with S is not involved. In short, it travels as fast as the vigour of S makes it go and S keeps ‘reaching after’ it equally fast to ‘entrap’ it, a perennial neck-and-neck chase. Its speed in any S therefore is the ultimate speed with which anything can ever move in that S. In other words, this speed is the index of the readiness with which the S in question can deal with a disturbance to its toughness – its vigour.
The T-and-D of emission determines the frequency of the resultant radiation pulse. The higher the T-and-D injected, the quicker the reaction of S and therefore higher the frequency of pulsing. But, once adequately kick-started, the speed of displacement of the radiation pulse in S remains the same because thereafter it is solely controlled by, and is a reflection of nothing but, the vigour of S.
As the T-and-D of emission increases, the transacted quantum grows capable of securing a resonance slot and gets ‘wedded’ to S. It completes its expansion cycle, resonates with S and takes the push of repulsion from the emitter pulse on its outer shell. But it is ‘thick-skinned’ enough by the time this push comes. So this gives it no more than a decent ‘send-off’ velocity plus the corresponding but bearable ‘heartburn’ of rectification pulsing.
What if the quanta attempted to be emitted is too little or too ‘thin’ to reach even the stage of ‘maturity’ of the radiation pulse? It gets ‘pushed back’ into the emitter every time by S.
The arena of forces and fields is indeed vast. There are ferocious things there side by side with extremely weak and meek specimens. They appear so very diverse and yet, as is argued in the next chapter, they are all derived from one and the same source.
twin of
electromagnetism. The week-nuclear force has been laboriously hitched on to this
pair, making it a trio called the electro-weak force. But gravitation remains
aloof. 
contributed by the extra
toughness S has assumed due to displacement of it during the expansion of the
pulse.
Watch what happens when a similar wall
approaches it. The closer the two walls get, the toughness between them shoots
up. S does not ‘permit’ the development of any such thing.
S ‘pulls’ the two apart. So, in the usual course, one such wall can never
approach another. Any attempt at merger triggers enormous repulsion. At
whichever angle or with whatever velocity another wall approaches, it is
bounced. For all practical purposes, one wall of this kind is ‘untouchable’ by
another. (Fig. 17)
20)
the slow ‘making up’ of it. The
‘jerk-in’ is repeated at every instance of pulsing action.
2) It tends to rotate the
host in the direction of the ‘jerk-in’ spiral of the ripple. Zoom in further.
(Fig.22) The effect becomes more pronounced when the affected pulse is large
enough or is a large body of pulses. The arms of the spiral that reach its front
are stronger than the arms that reach its back and reach thereabouts ‘later’.
Hence the torque.
fast as the vigour of S warrants. Eventually, gravitation establishes
itself as a set of concentric ‘pulse-lets’ around the gravitating body. We may
call them ‘g-secondary’ pulse-lets, or graviton. (Fig. 24) The ‘g-secondary’ pulses grow in might
as gravitational accretion gathers momentum. Changes in the ‘gravity’ of the
source are transmitted ‘across’ g-secondary pulses with a speed not more than
what is dictated by the vigour of S. Therefore gravitation cannot act
‘instantaneously’ at a distance. We may get the chance to ‘feel’ the speed with
which information travels ‘through’ g-secondary pulses in an event like a star
suddenly going extinct. In that case, the g-secondary pulses associated with the
star get ‘free’ in quick succession to ‘forget’ what they have been doing so far
(in ‘captivity’), try to pulse on their own and come to whatever end awaits
them. (If the sun closes shop at this moment, man may get about eight minutes to
pray – but only if he has a sixth sense to know of the catastrophe
‘instantaneously’.)
To get a view of
the electro-weak force one just repeats the observation, this time on the pulse
‘suffering’ from a depletion of vigour of surrounding S. (Fig. 25) The S around the pulse is slowly decreasing in vigour. From tough, it
is 'thinning' out. The pulse
in this has three parts, as we noted before.
building blocks (compounds) possible. (See the next
chapter.)