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 STUFF AND STYLE OF THE UNIVERSE
 


By

 C. Radhakrishnan


 



 The Universe of Pulsations: A Holistic Physical Model*

 

Page last updated on 01/05/2012

 

 

 

 


for

 HARMONY

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

Building upon the idea of three layers of reality for the universe postulated by the Bhagavad Gita1, a comprehensive physical model of the universe is visualized. It facilitates better understanding of radiation, the structure of matter and other physical phenomena and also attempts to explore fresh ground for unifying fundamental forces.

 


CONTENTS
 

1. Introduction

2. Assumption

3. Definitions

4. The pulse

5. Movement through the medium

6. The secondary pulse-let

7. Radiation

8. The fundamental forces

9. Particles and fields

10. The universe

 11. Life

 

 

IntroductioN

Space is seen as akshara brahma2, the substrate from which all matter is born and dissolves back to. Particles of matter are visualized as dynamic packages of it, pulsating within itself powered by purushothama3 the fundamental energy. It can be shown that the medium of akshara need not offer resistance to movements of matter in it beyond what is already known as inertia.

*This hypothesis was first presented to the teacher-student body of the Physics Department of the Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT) in the year 1988. It was then summarized as ‘Unity of Space-Matter Manifestations’ and circulated among a few scientists. ‘Stuff & Style of the Universe’, a popular science book based on the theme, was published in 1990 by Hi-Tech Books, Kochi-682017, India.

 

ASSUMPTION

It is assumed that an unobservable substrate, akshara brahma, permeates4 the entire universe. Its structure is unknowable as it is incomparable with anything observable. It is indestructible and non-transportable5.  Left to itself, it tends to expand6 to its normal7 state8.

 

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

(1) Let us call this medium Sath, S for short.

(2) Let the tendency of S to expand be called Yang and the degree of it Yandex9.

(3) If the yandex of S at any place is less than the maximum of it possible, there is scope for increment in it and this can be brought about only through the readiness of this S to yield to ‘pressure’ from ‘outside’, in other words, its readiness to ‘shrink’. Let us call it Yin and its measure the Yindex of S.

(4) The Vigor of S is its readiness to react to situations necessitating changes to its consistency.

(These parameters are introduced not as a prelude to quantification but only to help make the presentation of the physical concept easier.)

 

 

The Pulsation

Let there be a small volume v1 of S of vigor V surrounded by S of vigor v. If V > v, vigor in v1 is more than that in an equal volume of S around it. The total of this difference will be v1 times (V- v). Let this be denoted by D. As surrounding S is already readier to expand than to shrink, it will offer resistance on all sides to all efforts by D to spread. So whatever its vigor, D naturally assumes spherical form as that is the shape capable of containing itself in minimum volume.

What are the options open to this excess vigor? It certainly cannot remain idle. It may either expand explosively (if D is sufficiently high) or even itself out with its surroundings through repeated spread-and-shrink efforts (if D is manageable enough). It can as well synchronize itself with its surroundings and stay pulsing (if D is conducive to that). If this happens to be the case, a pulsation is born. To take recourse to this option, D must have a certain value, or a multiple or fraction (harmonic) of that ideal value, which suits the synchronization specifics of the S around which, in turn, depend on its readiness to react, i.e. its vigor.

A pulsation can also be seen as a joint performance by S and a package of excess vigor embedded in it. A pulsation is in perfect synchronization with the host when the expansion thrust of the pulsation right at its natural culmination is met with an equal and opposite thrust by surrounding S. Pulses with multiples and fractions of D value of the perfectly synchronized pulsation also may acquire varying degrees of synchronization.

Also, for any given surrounding S of vigor v, each slot of workable synchronization (stability) may have slots of decreasing stability on either side of it (D values in excess of the ideal to one side of this point, less than it to the other).

The longevity of a pulse depends on harmony with its surroundings.

If particles of matter are visualized as pulsations of this nature, the following inferences are possible:

1.      S of any region may be called ‘empty’ when it is devoid of pulsations.

2.      As all ‘misfits’ fizzle out sooner or later, the pulsations that survive over long periods in any region of S of a certain vigor will have almost the same rhythm (frequency) irrespective of differences in size.

3.      The maximum and minimum limits for size of packages will be decided by the synchronization specifics (i.e. the vigor) of S.

4.      Stability of pulsations will be affected by variation in the vigor of S as synchronization specifics change with vigor.

5.      Even among the most stable of pulses there is the chance for subtle variations in content, making the ‘heartbeat’ of every individual pulse unique.

Vigor within the pulsation oscillates10 between ‘highs’ at the extremes (points of stop-and-return), traversing a ‘low’ in between.

What can be the mode of physical transition of vigor within a pulse during pulsation? If all material11 in the universe is composed of pulsations, every pulse has to be the progeny of a larger one and can be imagined to inherit the mode of the parent. The grandest parent is the largest of all pulsations, the universe itself. The general structures of successive parents down the line - nebulae, galaxies and other celestial configurations like solar systems – also indicate that spiraling is the common mode of internal movement prevalent in the universe. Therefore, it may be assumed that the mode of vigor transition within smaller pulsations is also spiral, radial cross section of a pulse resembling the balance strap of a spring clock (Fig.1)

While pulsing, what different stages does the vigor of S within a pulsation go through?

1) The extra vigor can be imagined to spiral out expanding. It reaches and overshoots a certain low value of vigor, goes on to get tough again as it spirals ahead within the confines of an opposing tough wall hemmed by itself out of surrounding S, and ends up as a very tough border shell at the culmination of this cycle of its action. (Fig. 3) The wall hemmed out of surrounding S by this act of expansion meanwhile develops into a shell of high vigor just outside. If synchronization is perfect, the two shells match in vigor.

2) Pressure from the tough border outside and pull from the depleted centre together initiate a reverse cycle that culminates in a very tough core at the centre of the pulse. (Fig. 4)

3) In the course of the reverse cycle, the surrounding S, being tough, implodes to occupy the vacancy available, creating a fast spreading gradient of decreasing toughness in S around.

4) During the expansion cycle, the implosion by surrounding S is undone, but only with comparatively less enthusiasm, because surrounding S, already tough, is more eager to spread than to shrink.

At the pinnacle of the expansion cycle, the toughness of the outer shell has a sharp gradient away from it as the already high vigor of S around resists the spread of excess toughness. The formidable double wall, as close to each other as their gradients permit, repels any similar gradient coming close to it because the S in between resists the build up of additional toughness.

As pulsing goes on, the ripple generated by successive implosions spreads far and wide as a jerking-in-and-slowly-leveling-up spiral around the pulsation. At any point in S around the pulse, it is felt as repeated instances of fast decline in toughness in the general direction of the pulse, which together work upon other pulsations placed in the ripple as a momentary 'pull' inward followed by the slow 'fill-up' of toughness arising in S due to the expansion cycle of the pulsation. The ‘attraction’ declines with distance but ideally, the ripple should reach out to the limits of S.

Fig. 12 gives an approximate representation of the pulse in 3D.

 

 

 

Movement of pulses in the medium

Any force acting upon a pulsation can be considered an attempt to ‘deform’ it, i.e. to affect its pulsing act. The pulsation withstands it till the force applied (the energy transferred) gets large enough to give it an additional mode of pulsing which, on its completion, results in shifting the pulsation to a point adjacent to its original position in S in the direction of the force applied. As it is the result of the effort by the pulsation to redeem its composure, let this be called ‘redemption’ pulsing. But, meanwhile, this additional pulsing has become part of the pulsation. So it keeps on repeating the act and moves the same distance at every repeat of it - with a constant velocity - in the direction of the force acting upon it.

The pulsing action alone is what shifts when a pulsation moves. The part of S involved at any point does not as S is non-transportable. The event can be viewed as 1) an adjacent location of S claiming the action or 2) transmigration12 by the pulsation. It is similar to a whirlpool moving in water, where the adjacent water molecules in turn take up the 'whirlpool-ness'. The difference is, unlike that of the whirlpool, the movement of the pulsation is discontinuous – a go-stop-go performance. This is because the movement here results from a pulsing act.

Angular velocity results when another mode of redemption pulsing is generated by another external force that tends to shift the axis of the first redemption pulsing. The resultant path and speed taken by the pulse depend on the result of the tug of war between the two forces.

It follows that the vigor of S remaining the same, the minimum force needed to move a pulsation need depend only on the content of the pulsation. The force necessary to move an assembly of pulsations therefore depends on the total D content of the assembly. Many a bonds that the pulsations in a composite body have established among themselves, being the results of other modes of pulsing, may fail if not strong enough to outlive the strain caused by redemption pulsing13.

Naturally, any additional act of pulsing is kept on till it is undone by encounter with an equal and opposite force. If not, the pulsation goes on with redemption-pulsing in addition to its original heartbeat14.

Vigor being the readiness of S to react, in S of different vigor, the critical force needed to shift the same pulsation will be different. For instance, the higher the vigor of S, the more ready it is to react and, therefore, moving a pulsation therein should prove easier.

If the force applied on the pulsation persists even after it gives in and starts moving, the persistence of the force – the effort to deform - accentuates the frequency of redemption pulsing at every step. The pulsation moves faster and faster. In other words, it is accelerated15.

But, what are the upper and lower limits to velocity that any pulsation can acquire?

Beyond a point, higher frequency of redemption pulsing may reach the tolerance limit of the vigor of S. In that case, increasingly greater amounts of force input become necessary to impart equal increments of further speed. As the physical cause of this reluctance is the tolerance limit of the vigor of S, the limit to maximum possible velocity rises with the vigor of S.

Also, it follows that no body can move with a velocity less than the minimum produced by the minimum force required to initiate redemption pulsing16.

At the atomic level the expansion and contraction cycles contribute to another very interesting phenomenon. When the pulsation reaches the end of the expansion cycle, the S outside is exerting an action opposing the direction of the expansion spiral. But in the contraction phase the S outside is encouraging the implosion in the direction of the contraction spiral. This gives a torque to the pulsation itself sufficient to overcome its inertia and make it spin in the direction of its contraction phase17. The spin helps the pulsation to stabilize in the synchronization slot. The rate of spin is decided by the level of influence created by the in-jerking S. So the speed of the spin is again determined by the vigor of S. The energy required for the spin comes from the vigor of S around, not from the pulsation.

 

 

The secondary pulse-let


Suppose a pulsation lands in a region of S of vigor lesser than that which obtained in the S in which it was born, or the S in which the pulsation is born and exists declines in vigor18.

a) The change in the vigor of S around gives rise to secondary pulsations, harmonic slots evolving around the original.

As the outer shell hemmed up by the process of expansion now does not match in toughness with the inner shell, the momentum of the expansion cycle overshoots the culmination of the cycle. This extra thrust takes the form of pulsations. (Fig 8) Compensation by the primary pulsation for it's out-of-tuneness with the surrounding S, is the positive secondary.

b) The momentum of the reverse cycle overshoots the culmination of the cycle so that the process of withdrawal goes ahead of filling-in by S around, the difference of vigor involved being the same as above but of opposite kind. The lag creates additional pulsation from the surrounding S which is undone at the very start of the expansion cycle.

c) This extra harmonic slot that develops outside the primary pulse may be called a negative secondary.  (Fig. 9)

d) The negative pulse-lets get detached from the mother pulse if and when the energy content of the mother and/or vigor of S around are altered.

e) The total amount of positive charge in an atom in its normal state matches the total amount of negative charge associated with it.

 

 

radiation


Whatever a pulsation does extra is achieved while its pulsing relentlessly goes on. Emission of a bit of D by it into surrounding S or, to put it differently, the extraction of some D from it by S around, can happen only during appropriate intervals in its pulsing act. Such transactions, therefore, cannot be continuous19.

Of course, if a pulsation is shattered, all it has is spilled at one stroke. This is when it splits or gets dismantled. Even then, every bit of energy spilled is packaged by the S around, fitting into various synchronization slots in itself. How much of what kind into which slot at each instance is decided by the readiness of S to react (its vigor) and the mode of decay of the pulsation20. However, as there is nowhere else for any bit to go, the contents of the demised pulsation will equal the total of the contents of these packets.

When a pulsation emits a part of its D, the S around resists the emission as it is an increase in toughness. If the transaction succeeds despite this, the dose emitted is contained within a shell of extra toughness in S swept up by the spread of the dose emitted. What if emitter pressure is checkmated by this shell and the emission stops? What if the emitter closes shop due to reasons domestic to the pulsation itself? In either case or in the event of a combination of these two eventualities, S has a quantum of dynamic energy to contend with. If that quantum is sufficient to form a pulsation in synchronization with the vigor of S, well and good, the quantum attains the status of a particle21.

From the moment the emitter opens up at the outset, the D injected into S celebrates its expansion cycle. As soon as the emission stops, it goes into reverse cycle, forced by the reaction of S. When the emitter pulse begins its very next emission effort, the thrust of this emission pushes away the quantum of the previous emission. The newborn pulsation is thus released from the mother to live in S as comfortably as its capability for synchronization allows it.

What happens if the emitter releases a lean portion of D not enough to form even the leanest of independent pulsations? It is not able to complete its expansion cycle. It does not get the chance to complete its reverse beat either. Moreover, its premature core happens to be at the mouth of the emitter when the emitter reopens for emission next time. The thrust of re-emission kicks it away from the emitter. This generates a mode of redemption pulsing (Fig. 14) which gives it a lease of life, its only life. As the emitter goes on, a continuous stream of such half-formed pulses issue22.

This half-formed pulsation is fated to keep on doing its best to redeem itself from the damage inflicted by the thrust of ejection. But every effort at it only shifts it by a certain distance. The handicap stays on even after it makes a trillion trials.

An electromagnetic pulse of any variety can be considered as this type of redemption pulse having no ‘condensed’23 body proper of its own at any stage of its pulsing. So, its response to low level gravitational fields and its own gravitational attraction are minimal. It also does not wait at any point long enough to collect feedback from the ripple of whatever little import ensues from its redemption-pulsing. It has no charge pulse-lets around it so one cannot control it by applying low level electric or magnetic fields either. (However, very strong gravitational, electric or magnetic fields will affect it as these alter the vigor of S through which it passes, as will be seen later.) If stopped, it ceases to be, releasing the quantum of energy that originally went into its making24.

One may look at it also from the point of view of S. S is made to suffer a disturbance to its composure when the emission is injected into it. S tries to contain the disturbance but it slips out every time it is almost caught. The vigor behind the effort by S to catch the pulse-let is the same as that with which the pulse-let escapes.

Any frequency is possible because synchronization with S is not involved.

It travels as fast as the vigor of S makes it go. Its speed in any S therefore is the ultimate speed with which anything can ever move in that S. In other words, it is the index of the readiness with which the S in question can deal with a disturbance to its toughness – its vigor. Once kick-started, the speed of displacement of all electromagnetic pulse-lets in S remains the same because the transport of all these are solely determined by the vigor of S. Higher upper limits are therefore possible in S of greater vigor25.

As the energy content of emission increases, the emitted quantum may grow capable of securing a synchronization slot in S to become a full-formed pulsation. If so, it takes the push of repulsion from the emitter on its well-formed body. Therefore, this thrust is unable to bring about anything more than a bearable send-off velocity and the corresponding mode of redemption pulsing.

The larger the content of emission, quicker is the response of recipient S to it. Pulsing frequency of any emission depends only on this reaction and is therefore proportionate to the energy content of the emission, the constant of proportionality naturally being an index of the vigor of recipient S26.

 

 

The fundamental forces

Arrest a pulsation (one without secondary pulses) at the pinnacle of its expansion cycle and zoom in on it. Two of the fundamental forces can be discerned (Fig. 15).

The sharp gradients of vigor (1) outward from the outer wall of the outer shell, (2) inward from the inner wall of the inner shell and (3) the trough of gradients in between the two shells may be considered as fields of strong-nuclear force.

Zoom out to see the background of the pulsation (Fig. 20). The spiral ripple of vigor gradient generated and sustained in S around the pulsation due to its continuous pulsing act constitutes the field of gravitation.

Allow the picture to run on. The strong nuclear force disappears. But it re-appears soon after at the core of the pulse as the steep gradient from the core along radii at the pinnacle of the reverse cycle of the pulsation. (Note that during the interval this force is shifting and therefore is more evenly spread within the pulsation.)

Zoom out a little and observe the surroundings of the pulsation again (Fig. 20). Unlike the strong-nuclear force, the force of gravitation, the ripple of vigor, seems to be always there27.  But, in fact, the vigor gradient at any point on it is changing all the time.

1) As the expansion cycle of the pulsation begins, the gradient caused by the implosion during the previous reverse cycle is undone. But this takes place with less urgency compared to the 'rush inward' during the reverse cycle. This is because surrounding S is already tough. Its readiness to spread is a lot more than its willingness to shrink. A sudden decline of vigor acting on any part or whole of the body of any independent pulsation can be visualized to deform it as much as a force pushing it from behind. The ripple caused by successive cycles therefore acts as a ‘jerk-in’ field of force. (Fig. 21)

2) The ripple, as it adds on itself and spreads in a spiral, tends to rotate the pulsations within it in the direction of the spiral of the ripple (Fig. 21). 28.

3) The pulsation subjected to the ripple also experiences the tangential component of the spiral, deflecting it. Therefore, a free-falling body, if its journey is from far enough, tends to take a spiral path to the body instead of coming straight towards it.

4) When there are many bodies orbiting a massive attracting body, their ripples jointly tend to align them in a common plane as that is how every one of them can get closest to every one else in the committed course of their orbital motions29.

5) If the pulsations in a conglomerate are free to move within it, gravitational pull induces every pulse to place itself as close to every other of the lot. The assembly therefore assumes spherical shape.

6) Gravitation establishes itself as a series of pulse-lets around the gravitating body. They may be called g-secondary pulse-lets. (Fig.20)

7) Changes in the gravity of the source cannot be transmitted across g-secondary pulse-lets with a speed more than that dictated by the vigor of S. Therefore gravitation cannot act instantaneously at a distance30.

8) Though the ripple ideally reaches infinite distances, in any particular case there arises a definite limit beyond which it falls short of strength to overcome the inertia of even the smallest of pulsations. This limit of course fluctuates with variations in the mite of the source.

9) When an assembly of pulsations is large and its gravitational attraction strong, the combined pressure exerted by the pulsations towards the centre of gravitation is proportionately huge. If the body is large enough, the effect may reach alarming levels. Even the top ranking force, strong nuclear, will have to concede ground. The pulsations so far fortified by it begin to go vulnerable. If the size of the conglomeration crosses a certain limit, the resultant bout of radiation shatters it. The maximum size that a conglomeration of pulsations can assume without leading to such (gravitational) collapse is determined by the vigor of S in which it forms, because the force of attraction between pulsations that form the conglomeration is the effect of the ripples of this vigor. In S with a lower vigor, for instance, gravitational force will be less strong so this limit can be higher and vice versa.31.

10) If the conglomeration is large, the ripple emanating from it may get strong enough to attract even the name-sake and flippant cores of redemption pulse-lets (pulses of electromagnetic radiation) passing by. The path of the pulsation then curves inward.

The universe is made out of just one unified force. All apparent forces are its dialectical manifestations. All of these apparent forces are, by nature, discontinuous; the façade of continuity being no more than an illusion.

 

FORCE fields

Let us assume that the vigor of S in a certain region is declining. (Rise and fall in vigor of S everywhere follows from the pulsing action of the universe as a whole.) How do pulsations take to change of vigor of the S in which they exist?

Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 are pictures of a pulsation that has survived change of vigor in surrounding S. Why is this type of pulsation taken up for consideration at the outset instead of one existing in S of vigor remaining unchanged since its birth? Does this mean that the S around us (this part of the universe) has already declined in vigor? Of course, yes (as will be seen shortly). However, the why and how of it will have to wait till the largest pulsation imaginable, the universe itself, is discussed.

The pulsation under consideration is donning secondary pulse-lets, the add-ons necessitated by progressive decline of the vigor of S.

In the periodic table, right from No.1 to the last, all elements now have secondary pulse-lets. At the time of their origin they did not; they enjoyed synchronization in the S that begot them. Out-of-tune-ness increased as the vigor of S declined, resulting in shells of secondary pulse-lets, but in most cases these adjustments are far from perfect solutions, being short or in excess of the ideal by margins small or big.

Though pulsations repel each other at close range, they get close enough to share their deficiencies so as to enjoy better synchronization with S around. It can also be seen as S around manipulating them to do this. However, even such shared shells often fail to provide satisfactory resonance. So a third pulsation and a fourth and so on join in. When such a group finds its joint synchronization with surrounding S somewhat satisfactory, there are no more vacancies. The number that fits in to form a chemical compound depends on the individual nature of incompleteness (valences) joining in. The perfectly covered is not taken into any fold, nor does it need any company. In some cases, a little warming up (agitation) or pressurization is necessary to seal the association. Once a grouping is established it is not easy to break it if the synchronization benefits derived from the arrangement is appreciable. If not, even minor inducements make the members of the group give up the arrangement, disperse and try afresh.

The synchronization slots for such combinations depend on the slots the primary pulsations themselves occupy.

A) Resonance slots for primary pulsations:

1). Vertical

These correspond to the periodic table slots. Hydrogen occupies the smallest primary synchronization slot.

The affinity for the electron pulse-let is termed a positive charge. It is a unit charge as the primary pulsation is satisfied with a single electron pulse-let. However, the affinity varies for different pulsations or different elements. Similarly the electron pulse-let has the same affinity for the core. This affinity is the negative charge. Pulse-lets that have affinity to either of these two for reasons of their resonance needs are called charged particles. (This is just an example. The fit is still not exact in the hydrogen atom. This ‘less-than-desirable’ status in this respect leads to the creation of a small dipole.)

2). Horizontal

These slots are occupied by pulsations with added quanta of neutron pulsations. They represent the isotope slots.

The neutron has no secondary pulse-lets, and hence no charge. This is the model of a pulsation begotten in ancient, tougher S. This pulsation is out-of-tune for stable pulsing in this S now, as the S has declined in toughness. It is not synchronized with the first slot here and now, the hydrogen slot. So the pulsing of the independent neutron goes progressively out of tune and after a few minutes, it modifies itself by releasing a primary pulsation, a secondary pulse-let and a lean quantum of vigor in the form of an antineutrino. The transformation of the neutron is a very important indicator of what took place on a large scale billions of years ago.

It can be inferred that all elements present now in this part of the universe were formed as results of decay. A rough measure of how much the vigor of S has gone down is indicated by the size of buffers (secondary pulse-lets) donned by various elements.

The secondary pulse-let appears distributed around the primary pulsation.  It is more versatile to changes in vigor of surrounding S because it has no core. It also has no sharply defined outer border, as this border is involved in pulsing, resulting in jerking-in and jerking-out motions. This dynamic model of the pulsation also makes it impossible to fix both the position and momentum of the electron pulse-let at the same time. Indeed, only a wide range of probable values can be obtained32.

In this model of pulsation, a heavier element is not seen as a group of individual primary pulsations or an aggregation of protons and neutrons. It is just a larger primary pulsation. The D that has gone into the making of a large pulsation is, of course, a multiple of the contents of smaller pulsations attuned to their appropriate synchronization slots. The model does not need any mechanism or force to hold various parts of the nucleus together33.

In the periodic table there is a long list of elements. How were these various kinds of pulsations made in the first place? Hydrogen fuses with itself and the products of this fusion again fuse and so on in the interiors of stars. But how does one account for the very heavy elements as the proneness for fusion go in reverse gear and become the readiness for fission after a critical point on the periodic table?

One guess that stands reasonable scrutiny is that heavy elements were natural products in S of a higher vigor. The elements were born out of emission issuing into that S from mother-packages of still higher vigor. When the vigor of S declined during the expansion cycle of the universe, more and more heavier pulsations fell out of tune with the vigor of S progressively falling. The top-heavy were always the first to crack up. Meanwhile, all elements developed secondary pulse-lets. Chemical bonding began and was aided wherever necessary by radiation. Light elements were born also through fusion in stellar interiors as suns blossomed showering more radiation.  

The neutron is naturally formed only when the vigor of S is high enough to provide the suitable synchronization slot. Solar interior can be taken as an example, where the vigor of S is very high due to gravitational pressure. In the sun, neutron has a 'production half-life', a fate very different from what it is here on earth.

If the vigor of S continues to go further down, horizontal slots will shift further to the right. More neutron quanta will get converted to proton quanta, more chemical compounds with stronger bonding will emerge, gravitational force goes weaker, and the less heavy elements also become prone to decay. The charge difference (affinity) between the nucleus and the electron pulse-lets will increase, i.e.., more and more secondary pulse-lets will be formed.

On the contrary, when vigor of S increases, there is shift to the left and more neutron quanta are formed as electron pulse-lets are nullified. The charge difference (affinity) between the nucleus and the electron pulse-lets will decrease. The number of chemical compounds will decrease, gravitational force will increase, and even very heavy elements at the top of the periodic table will enjoy longer life. Visualize a place of still higher vigor and we get a hostile world - very high gravitational pull, very high temperature (yet stable pulsations), super heavy elements and ultra-powerful radiation.

The process of beta decay represents a change in the entire primary pulsation by which the out-of-tune quantum is converted into a pulsation with stable primary and secondary. For some nuclei, the reverse process occurs. It depends on the specifics of horizontal synchronization slots. Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many proton quanta in the primary of an atom but insufficient energy to emit a positron. If the energy difference between the parent atom and the daughter atom is quite low, electron capture is the decay mode.

Decays producing higher energy ‘load shedding’ emit quanta as gamma radiation (redemption) pulse-lets.

Split the nucleus and we get individual stable or unstable quanta with possible synchronization slots. However, for any given value of vigor, a pulsation cannot be split to form smaller pulses beyond a point – the minimum dose of energy needed to fill the first slot for synchronization.

B). Completeness of the secondary

Completeness of the secondary slots is seldom fully realized. The secondary pulse-lets have to ‘relate’ to the ‘needs’ of the primary-pulsation. They act as 'buffers' between the primary pulsation and the surrounding S. The ‘content’ in most orbitals of secondary pulse-lets happens to be either wanting or in excess to completely satisfy orbital synchronization slots defined by S. The secondary pulse-let orbitals are classic examples of ‘barely workable’ compromises that evolve when the vigor of S declines.

Pulsations that have secondary pulse-lets almost complete with respect to their synchronization needs are chemically inactive. The so-called inert gases are examples. (Actually no pulsation, whether primary or secondary, is in perfect synchronization, as at least a minimal amount of out-of-tune-ness with the surrounding S is always likely34. But for such imperfections, crystallization would not be possible.) The pulsations just before and just after the inert gases in the periodic table are highly reactive with respect to their affinities for the electron pulse-let.

The electro-weak force exhibit itself through transactions between secondary pulse-lets or between secondary pulse-lets and the primary.

The rest of the pulsation model is similar to the present orbital model with the s p d and f energy levels, except for certain perceptional differences. For example, pairing of electrons with opposite spins is seen as pairing of an electron pulse-let in the expansion phase with another in the contraction phase. The spin is always in the direction of the contraction phase. This mode of pairing also caters to the contraction-expansion phases of the nucleus as layers of 'oscillations' of the secondary shells in the contraction and expansion phases.

The primary pulsation tends to adjust the electron-pulse-let with another pulsation for completeness, without compromising on its own stability. This is done through sharing or donating the pulse-let. Therefore compounds are formed by the interactions of this particular quantum, the electron pulse-let.

The way the electron pulse-let acts merits special attention. It moves in a circumferential manner around the primary in the contraction and expansion phases. It also has other modes of momentum – the jerk-in and jerk-out motions - along with a certain curvature in its path, as the path is spiral. Earlier we have seen the physical picture of the spin. Obviously these modes of movement are attributed to every portion of the pulse, not only to the electron pulse-let. Different quanta obtained from various parts of the pulse may show all these modes of movement, or may represent only some of them, depending on mode and content of emission.

Secondary pulse-lets produce corresponding ripple pulse-lets in surrounding S (R pulse-lets for short). They are also conducted in the direction of their movement at production. In an electric field the R pulse-lets are produced by the charge or affinity of the secondary pulse-lets, and correspond to them. That is why charged particles react to these R pulse-lets. When the primary pulsation is distorted to one side and the secondary pulse to the other by a strong electric field, it leads to the birth of an electric dipole.

R pulse-lets are also induced by the momentum of secondary pulse-lets.

The R magnetic pulse-lets induced in S by the secondary pulse-lets of certain elements are very strongly resonant, or amplified. Such ‘momentum R pulse-lets’ form a magnetic field. These elements are all close to each other in their synchronization slots in the periodic table, viz., manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel. A smaller group also comes in the lanthanide series, viz., europium, gadolinium and dysprosium. When a multitude of such pulses are aligned, a strong magnetic field is created, and the block of the pulsation becomes a magnet.

A current is induced by constantly moving a permanent magnet in and out of a coil of wire, or by constantly moving a conductor near a stationary permanent magnet. The R pulse-lets in this case are cut and they flow as individual electron pulse-lets. Remanance is by locking of the alignment of the reinforcement of R pulse-lets. The arrangement is stable at suitable temperatures.

Since mass can be understood as the unit of pulsing-vigor-difference in S in this model, theoretically every pulse or pulse-let has mass. It may be very negligible as in the case of a photon or the neutrino. Wave and particle are not treated differently in the model, because they are neither – they are pulsations. In other words, every particle can be considered a stationary wave and every wave a moving particle. And since E=mc 2, the pulsing-vigor-difference is, simply, energy. There is no dualism. It is all one and the same35.

Further explanations into all the phenomena of micro particles are either self-evident or can be easily derived from the model. The model embraces all areas of science. It is therefore practically impossible to consider every aspect in a presentation of this nature36.

As seen earlier, when there are many bodies orbiting a massive attracting body, like in the solar system, gravitational attraction between the orbiting bodies tend to align them in a common plane. The spiral component influences all the pulsations in these bodies. So the primary pulsations in these bodies are always aligned with their axis of spin perpendicular to the spiral. (The plane of the in-jerking spiral component of the gravitation pulse-let corresponds roughly to the equator.) Free or unpaired electron-pulse-lets are also influenced but only to a lesser extend by gravitation pulse-lets. Therefore, ideally the magnetic field vector should be perpendicular to the equator. But this may not always be the case, as electron-pulse-lets are more influenced by electromagnetic field than by gravitation pulse-lets. 

 

The universe


From what we now know of pulsations, the universe can be considered one, the largest conceivable of course. But the pulsing action of the universe involves a time-scale so large that one may see no appreciable part of the action even if one waits for a couple of eons. One way to observe it is to imagine a small-scale 3-D video model that can be played back or forth as fast or slow as one wants.

At the start of the expansion cycle the super-tough S at the core is a unitary super-condensation harboring no pulsation of any kind. There is low vigor S around it, but gravitation, nuclear interactions, electromagnetic phenomenon, time and motion are yet to be born. It is S of near-infinite vigor momentarily at rest.

All of a sudden, as its expansion cycle sets in, high vigor begins to spread in a spiral. Every point on the spreading spiral of vigor becomes an emitter (Fig. 30). Pulsations from the very small to the very big appear as whirls and swirls in the wake of the unwinding of the core of super-vgor.

There is a flood of radiation pulses. Suddenly, there is the brilliance of a trillion suns rising together.

Gradually, the expansion cycle encompasses increasing radii. In its wake, more pulses are tumultuously born. And then, in areas the front has passed, in accordance with the decline of the vigor of S, primary pulsations don secondary pulse-lets, large pulsations crack up. Pulses also radiate and attract each other.

The progress of the spiral of the transition in vigor however does not carry with it any of the pulsations it hatches on its way. These pulsations generate smaller pulsations but everything that takes shape ‘anywhere’ continues to remain practically where it is, in whichever association it has meanwhile developed with its kith or kin, drifting only with whatever velocity it has imbibed at birth or by association later, namely, collision, attraction and/or repulsion.

This unique scenario presented by the spiraling spread of of vigor during the expansion cycle gives the impression of an explosion because it creates in its wake radiating and disintegrating pulsations small and big in quick succession at progressively larger distances from the centre.

Whirls and pulsations of all dimensions, regions of S of varying vigor and radiation of all descriptions blossom in the wake of the spiral. All observed phenomena from quasars to black holes are possible out of various states and transitions in the vigor of S37.

But on the heels of this sweep follows, as the expansion cycle progresses further, a general decline of vigor along the radius. The toughness of S at any region slowly falls after the spiral onslaught passes it.

So man’s abode is HERE, at a point on the way of the onslaught of the spiral after its main thrust has passed. There was no matter here before the spiral came this way. The onslaught of the spiral created everything. After it passed, the vigor of S here began to decline as proved by heavier pulsations falling apart and every primary pulsation created earlier developing secondary pulse-lets.

Naturally, all physical constants and fundamental units of 'local' S are valid only here and now. They will have different values in S of a different vigor. Strictly speaking, the vigor of S is not the same even at two adjacent points or instances of time anywhere in the universe38.

If the universe does not ‘expand’ what about the red shift observed? Well, can’t a red shift come about for reasons other than recession of the source due to physical expansion of the universe? For instance, what happens to electromagnetic or any other radiation if, after originating in S of a higher vigor, they reach a region of S the vigor of which is considerably less?

Electromagnetic radiation is a redemption-pulse depending entirely on the vigor of S. When the vigor of S declines the action-reaction-act of the pulsations has to slacken accordingly. A redemption-pulse that has originated in S of a higher vigor goes less ‘agile’ in a region of S of lesser vigor. In other words it has assumed a longer wavelength. The more distant a galaxy, the greater the time the pulsation has taken to arrive. Our S has meanwhile declined in vigor by that much more. This means the pulse originated in an environment of vigor comparatively that much higher.

This also means most of celestial radiation observed today appears different from what it was at birth. It can be safely assumed that a good part of radio frequencies and microwave now received from space originated as higher frequency pulsations in areas of higher vigor S. That is not all. Radiation traversing areas of very low vigor may take ages to reach here, if at all39.

Looks like what we have been able to see so far is no more than a very small part of the universe. But this small part where the vigor of S can be considered to remain somewhat uniform (for any reasonable span of time) is so very big and ‘apparently' permanent that we have enough of a sight with as much depth as we can aspire to probe. It appears we are yet to reach the limits of even this small part of the universe.

Certainly, total energy in the universe remains a constant until and unless the pulsation that is the universe radiates or receives energy. The energy of the universe is embedded as vigor of S. It expresses itself as the dialectical nature of the universe. Basically it is unified energy, neither dark nor bright40.

On its own the universe renews its interior décor at every cycle of pulsing. Is every cycle of the universe an exact replica of the one before? Well, that depends on what external factors influence our universe. This in turn points to the nature of its surroundings, the S in which this universe of ours pulses. Any change in the vigor of that S has consequences in here. Are there other pulsations of the same kind or of any other kind around us? If there are, what their pulsing may do to us also has to be taken into account. Common sense suggests that our universe cannot be alone. It becomes necessary to assume that some S with a lot of similar pulsations in it exists around our universe.

The vigor of S decides the nature of every physical event at any place in the universe. Any physical parameter remains invariant only as long as the vigor of S does not change. This means no absolute value can be ascribed to the speed of light or any physical constant. This need not cause much concern as every law established on the basis of physical invariants will hold good here for a while except in what are known as discontinuities.

The goings-on inside every pulsation involve vigor transitions between extremes. But the steady state of extreme vigor of S is a singularity, where time, space and matter are non-existent. The hard shells formed at the extremes of pulsation of a particle, for instance, are such regions as much as the super-condensation prior to the big bang is. This is why laws assuming the vigor for S around us to be the permanent vigor of S everywhere in the universe, fall short of unifying the forces, and the laws applicable at the level of the macrocosm fail to be reconciled with those applicable at the level of the microcosm.

The life of any pulsation (any particle of matter) in the universe is related to the change of vigor of S in which it pulses. Also, at any point within any pulsation, the vigor goes on changing. In the largest of pulses that is the universe, at any point in it, the same thing happens. So, the arrow of time reckoned on the basis of change in the vigor of S will run perpendicular to the one reckoned on the basis of invariance of vigor of S.

Time reckoned in terms of duration of a repeatable physical event (sun-dial time) or as interval between similar points on reliable cyclic events (between two sun-rises) is no more than apparent time. It's unit varies with change in the vigor of S though this variation may not be observable (as clocks too will run at the new rate).

Time reckoned on the basis of change in the vigor of S in any region can be termed actual local time of the region. Even this cannot be considered as the ultimate reckoning of time as the rate of change of vigor of S at any point is far from uniform. Absolute time can be only that which relates to the period of pulsation of the universe as a whole41.

 

 

LIFE

 

What is life? Self-propagation and ‘intelligent’ behavior on one’s own are supposed to be the symptoms of ‘life’. This definition makes a border line between the living and the non-living unavoidable, wherever one fixes it. But there is a logical fallacy here: how can objects formed out of non-living ingredients come alive?

This enigma is solved if life is considered an expression of the basic energy of the universe and therefore omnipresent for all time. The pulsing action of the most fundamental particle is the first symptom of life. Deviations in the body make-up of the particle – degrees of disproportionateness with respect to requirements for synchronization with S around – lead to combinations of these particles and the combinations of these combinations and so on till macromolecules and amino acids are formed. At some point on the way, this compulsion for combining begins to be ‘felt’ and develops into ‘self- awareness’.

Deviations, though many are off track and futile, are, therefore, not exactly at random.

Every member of any combination, right from the beginning, keeps its individual ‘life’ in tact while assuming the added responsibility of working in the common interest of the combination. Smaller systems are progressively telescoped into the larger.

Any combination has two ‘motives’: 1) Improve its internal integration and 2) Achieve better synchronization with the surroundings i.e. integrate itself better with the rest of the universe. Health is a must to achieve happiness which is perfect harmony with the universe42.

Therefore, everyone has one's own freedom to work towards perfect health and ultimate happiness. This makes evolution purposeful. Better survival and the will for it acquire a new meaning. The morphogenetic field is the blueprint of the body in S43.

In fact, our bodies are being constantly re-morphed millions of times every second as we gyrate and orbit with the earth and move through S along with the local galaxy and in ever so many other ways. The S involved in the constitution of our bodies keeps changing bafflingly fast though we don’t feel it.

Life is eternal because at the highest and ultimate level it is the same as the fundamental and unified energy of the universe. It outlives the solar system, the galaxy, the super-condensation prior to the big bang, why, the universe itself!

 

 END

Verses from the Bhagavad Gita outlining the ancient eastern concept of the Stuff (Brahma)

The fundamentals of Advaita philosophy, with a study of the concept of Brahma or the Stuff

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NOTES

 

1.  ‘This universe has two levels, namely the perishable and the imperishable. All parts of the observable universe constitute the first; the substrate from which it issues forth and dissolves back to is the second.’ - Gita, 15, sloka 16.

    ‘But the ultimate level is different from these two. It is termed purushothama (the greatest). It pervades and governs everything in the universe. It is the eternal force that brings all alive.’ – Gita, 15, sloka 17.

  1. ‘Weapons cannot pierce it, fire cannot burn it, water cannot wet it and wind cannot dry it. It is eternal, omnipresent, un-consumable and non-transportable.’ – Gita, 2, sloka 23. Also, it cannot be seen, touched, smelt, tasted or heard.
  2. ‘This medium (akshara) is the field for creation of the universe; everything is born out of the seed of basic energy deposited in this field.’ Gita, 14, sloka 4.
  3. ‘The entire universe is pervaded by the unknowable purushothama.’ Gita – chapter 9, sloka 4.
  4. There is no place in the universe from where it (akshara) can be removed or a ‘vacant’ place for it to be placed, so it is un-transportable.
  5. The root of the Sanskrit word brahma means ‘that which tends to expand’.
  6. The Upanishads stipulate that  nowhere in the universe is akshara at ‘rest’ at any time.
  7. According to Vedanta, the three layers of the universe are manifestations of one and the same entity. So, ‘normal’ is the ‘rest’ state of that basic entity.
  8. Yin-Yang represents the ancient Chinese understanding of how things work. The outer circle represents ‘everything’, while the black and white shapes within the circle represent the interaction of two energies, called ‘yin’ (black) and ‘yang’ (white), which cause everything to happen. They are not completely black or white, just as things in life are not completely black or white, and they cannot exist without each other.
  9. Slokas 7 and 8 of chapter 9 of the Gita say everything in the observable universe oscillates between dialectical extremes in akshara or prakrti; they are made and unmade again and again.
  10. In the realm of cosmology, extensions of the term matter are invoked to include dark matter and dark energy, concepts introduced to explain some odd phenomena of the observable universe, such as the galactic rotation curve. These exotic forms of ‘matter’ do not refer to matter as ‘building blocks’, but rather to explain currently poorly understood forms of mass and energy.
  11. Transmigrate: to go from one state of existence or place to another.

    trans- + migrare, to migrate

           Eastern thought considers every particle in the universe alive, each form of life existing at all the three levels: The observable or physical form of it in kshara, the corresponding morphogenetic field of it in akshara, and the fundamental energy in it - its ultimate cause in aksharaatheetha. The first two can and do transmigrate. In kshara it is physical displacement, in akshara it is death and rebirth. ‘Just as man discards clothes spoiled beyond repair and accepts new ones, the life principle in us relinquishes bodies that become unusable and morphs bodies afresh.’ – Gita, 2, 22.

13.  Inertia thus becomes physically explainable for the first time, solving a long standing enigma. The very inert characteristic of inertia, which originates in Newton's inertia law, and which appeared plausible up to Einstein, became a liability upon the onset of space-time.

14.  Forces and/or fields are active everywhere in the universe, so no body can be ‘at rest’ anywhere. Also, the velocity of any body cannot remain uniform for long for two reasons: One: the plethora of forces and fields prevalent everywhere. Two: the vigor of S varying.

15.  For the first time, physical explanation is available as to why the force one feels from gravity and the force one feels from acceleration are equivalent. Also, the limits to velocity are physically explained.

16.  Ever since Pauli formalized the theory of spin in 1927, using the modern theory of quantum mechanics discovered by Schrödinger and Heisenberg, a physical explanation has been wanting.

17.  Matter and radiation move long distances in the universe wherein the vigor of S goes on continuously changing at every point.

18.  This physical explanation for the formation of electric charges indicates that the basic unit of charge in any region of S is determined by the vigor of S and therefore is not an invariant.

19.  The measurement problem and the problem of infinities haunting the Copenhagen explanation can be overcome if this physical picture is used to view reality. The universe need not branch.

20.  The manner in which a radio-active nuclide decays depends upon a number of factors. One major factor is the neutron to proton ratio. According to the physical picture of decay evolved by this model, the h / r ratio is determined by the synchronization specifics of S.

21.  The evolution of the material universe is through a cascade process of decay from the pre-big-bang condensation to the minutest of particles and radiations and the associations these develop between them in various ways and to various extents.

22.  Discrete pulses are emitted. Each of these is an independent semi-pulsation. While in motion it resembles a wave-front and it exists only as long as it is in motion.

23.  Dualism in the sense one entity also appearing as another is not in evidence here as the radiation pulse is neither particle nor wave – it is a redemption pulse, neither less nor more.

24.  Stopping a pulse of light means offering a force equal and opposite to the force of emitter pressure that gave it its velocity. That the energy which went into its making is transferred to the blocking agent is just another way of saying the same thing.

25.  Speed of e-m radiation remains the same only as long as the vigor of S in which it moves remains the same because this speed is the product of nothing but the reaction capability of S.

26.  For any quantum of emission, the frequency of the ensuing redemption pulse is determined by the vigor of S. Therefore similar redemption pulses can be superimposed as long as the vigor of S they occupy remains the same – making lasers possible.

27. Though apparently continuous in effect, it too is in fact discrete.

28. The force of gravitation, again, is the product of the vigor of S. Lesser the vigor of S the smaller the force of gravitation produced by a body.

29. Explains why planets tend to get aligned in a common plane and most of matured galaxies assume the ‘almost flat’ shape they have.

30. If the sun ceases to be at this instant, its attraction ‘felt by Earth’ will last for over eight minutes longer. This suggests that consequences of major far-away gravitational events in the universe, if any, that took place millions of years ago are yet to be ‘felt’ by us.

31. The ‘Chandrasekhar limit’ cannot be a universal constant. In fact, there is a lot of scope for improvement on the part of truth in the biographies of stellar bodies written on the assumption of the vigor of S not varying.

32. Any pulsation is a transitional phenomenon. The transition is either in its internal configuration and/or in its position. Energy can be measured only by gauging transition and even the slightest amount of transition changes configuration and/or position. The limiting factor that decides the minimum quantum of transition is the bottom line of the capacity of S to react – the minimum energy needed for initiation of transition. Therefore no quantity of energy less than this can be measured in that S.

33. Nuclei on both sides of the ideal bulk for perfect synchronization with the vigor of S shed varying amounts of D in various ways as they change over to slots nearer to the ideal one. All forces are gradients of yandex or yindex and the strong nuclear force is the steepest gradient of yandex.

34. Deviations mark pulsations unto the last. Even those in the same slot are far from exactly uniform – due to minute variations in D. This provides the universe with infinite variety and diversity and sets the stage for myriad combinations.

35. If A appears to be B at some point of time and then appears to be C for another while, it is certain that it is neither, it is just A.

36. When no ‘constants’ are available to equate variables with, physical concepts alone are possible. Quantification can be attempted if a value for the vigor of S is assumed. But then, there are theories built upon that assumption already in place. What is attempted here is a redrawing of the picture of the physical world through a paradigm shift in fundamentals of perception.

37. ‘Devouring all worlds on every side with your flaming mouths…’ Gita – 13, 30.

38. ‘Being veiled by the three gunas (the tendency to expand, the readiness to contract and the quality of the ‘even’ state), I can never be seen in my entirety.’ Gita – 7, 25.

39. This is the secret of infinite variety and relentless change manifested everywhere in the universe, necessitating the quest for rules governing the game for all time and, at the same time, empirical formulae to handle the uncertainty and facilitate safe gambling (‘God does not play dice’, ‘Who does if He doesn’t?’). ‘I am the gambling spirit in all gamblers.’ Gita – 10, 36.

40. ‘Being the force that illuminates everything luminous, it is beyond all darkness and all light.’ Gita – 13, 18.

41. ‘Those who know (the length of) the day of Brahma which ends in a thousand yugas (aeons), and the night which (also) ends in a thousand yugas (aeons), they know day and night.’ – Gita, 8, 17.

‘The duration of the material universe is limited. It is manifested in cycles of kalpas. A kalpa is a day of Brahmā ... and the same number comprise one night. Brahmā lives one hundred of such "years" and then dies. These "hundred years" total 311 trillion 40 billion (311,040,000,000,000) earth years.... Brahmā and his creation are all part of the material universe, and therefore they are in constant flux.’

- Epstein, Ronald B (2002), Buddhist Text Translation Society's Buddhism A to Z, p. 204.

42. Kshetra-kshetragnya yogam  (chapter 13 of Gita) describes in detail the physical structure of bodies, both living and non-living, and the relationship of every material body with the life principle within. It also shows how small bodies progressively telescope into the bigger to form larger and larger systems till the largest – the universe – is reached.

43. Vedanta postulates that all bodies have parallels in the three levels of the universe – the material body (kshara, sthoola ), the morphogenetic field (akshara, sookshma) and the life principle (aksharaatheetha, kaarana). Perfect integration of parts that make the living body and perfect integration of this well integrated living body with the entire universe provide the best of health and happiness, according to the science of Eastern yoga as enunciated in Paathanjali’s Yaogasaasthra and the Bhagavat Gita, the authentic texts. The very word yoga means ‘being in unison’.

 

Acknowledgements

Prof. I. G. Bhaskara Panicker (Prof. of Mathematics, Zamorin's College, Calicut), Dr. M. K. Vainu Bappu (Director, Astrophysical Observatory, Kodaikanal), Dr. Anna Mani (Director, Pune station of World Wide Seismology System), Dr. C. P. Menon and Dr. Babu Joseph (Professors of Physics, CUSAT) offered encouragement during various stages of the evolution of this concept spreading over four decades. Dr. C. P. G. Vallabhan, Head, Department of Physics, CUSAT, Prof. V.P.N. Namboodiri, Head, School of Photonics at CUSAT and Dr S.K. Sreenivasan allowed themselves and their colleagues and students to be exposed to the idea and helped evolve a meaningful interaction. Dr. K. R. Gopal helped with research. Mrs. Subhadra Gopal generated graphics and Akash Varghese did the animation.

 

C. Radhakrishnan
Ashramam Lane, Azad Road, Kochi, 682 017, India
January 2012

98462 60733

The author can be contacted through hi_techbooks@yahoo.co.in


 

 

Verses from the Bhagavad Gita outlining the ancient eastern concept of the Stuff (Brahma)

The fundamentals of Advaita philosophy, with a study of the concept of Brahma or the Stuff

To the Author's Home Page

 


Stuff and Style of the Universe
First published in book form Nov. 2002 by Hi-Tech Books
Copyright with Hi-Tech Books, Kochi, India

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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